Outside built-up areas, a driver may warn others when overtaking by flashing the high or low beams (provided this does not dazzle other road users) or by sounding the horn. Within built-up areas, flashing the lights is permitted if it does not dazzle others; sounding the horn is prohibited except when necessary to avoid a traffic accident. RTR — 89.

A green light that has been lit for an extended period may change to yellow shortly. You may proceed, but remain vigilant and be prepared to stop safely. 73. Traffic light signals mean: 73.1. A steady circular green light permits movement in all directions (straight ahead, to the right, to the left, or a U-turn); 73.3. A flashing green light permits movement but warns that its time is ending and the signals are about to change.

RTR 26. Drivers of other vehicles must not enter the space between a learner driver—who is learning to operate a moped, motorcycle, tricycle, or any type of quadricycle—and the driving instructor who is accompanying the learner in a vehicle. During the training period the learner must wear a high-visibility vest marked with the distinguishing sign 'M' on both the front and the back. A driving instructor who accompanies the learner on a motorcycle must also wear a vest of the same type bearing the words 'DRIVING INSTRUCTOR'. If the instructor accompanies the learner in a car, the car must display the identifying marking specified in Annex 4 of these Rules.

According to the Road Traffic Rules (RTR), a blue sign showing the settlement name in white letters indicates the start of a settlement where the special traffic regulations that normally apply within built-up areas do NOT apply. By contrast, a sign with the settlement name in black letters on a white background marks the start of a settlement where built-up-area traffic rules are in force (RTR 131). The following maximum speeds apply outside built-up areas (RTR 131.1): for passenger cars, light goods vehicles with a permissible maximum mass up to 3.5 tonnes, motorcycles and tricycles — on motorways: 130 km/h from April to October and 110 km/h from November to March; on expressways/highways: 120 km/h from April to October and 110 km/h from November to March; on roads with asphalt or concrete pavement: 90 km/h; on other roads: 70 km/h. See road sign 612: Beginning of a built-up area where special built-up-area rules do not apply. Road sign 613: End of a built-up area (marked by sign 616); it may show the name of another settlement and the distance to it.

Wild animals typically travel in groups. If you see a lone roe deer, deer, or wild boar, others are likely nearby. Herding instincts lead animals to cross roads together rather than individually.

LAW ON ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY, Article 2, item 43. Intoxication — the state of a person who has consumed ethyl alcohol, when the concentration of that alcohol in the body's biological media (exhaled air, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids) exceeds the legal limit. The maximum permitted concentration of ethyl alcohol in the exhaled air, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids of persons driving vehicles is 0.4 per mille. Novice drivers, taxi drivers, and drivers of mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles, light quadricycles, four-wheel power quadricycles, vehicles with a maximum permissible weight over 3.5 t or with more than 9 seats, and drivers transporting dangerous goods are considered intoxicated when the concentration of ethyl alcohol in their exhaled air, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids is greater than 0 per mille. JB

RTR 3.7. 'Road' means the surface of a strip of ground or a superstructure intended for, and used by, road traffic across its full width; this includes the carriageway, intersections, pavements, roadsides, pedestrian and bicycle paths, and dividing strips. RTR 3.8. 'Shoulder' means a road area adjacent to the carriageway (from the carriageway edge to the roadbed edge) that is paved with the same or different material as the carriageway and/or separated from the carriageway by an edge line, but is not regarded as a pavement or as a pedestrian or bicycle track. JB

According to the traffic regulations, vehicles fitted with studded tyres must not be used from April 10 to October 31. Therefore, winter tyres without studs are permitted during that period. However, using summer tyres is recommended in warm conditions. If winter conditions persist, the Minister of Transport and Communications may issue an order extending the permitted use of studded tyres.

The field of vision is affected by driving speed, visual acuity (e.g., short-sightedness), fatigue, the color and brightness of objects, their contrast with the background, and other factors. As speed increases, a driver’s area of attention narrows and shifts forward: although drivers tend to look farther ahead, the effective dimensions of attention decrease inversely with speed. For example, at 50 km/h it is usually sufficient to focus about 150 m ahead to detect an obstacle; at 140 km/h an oncoming vehicle may not be noticed until it is only 15–20 m from the point of passing.

Select the signs that indicate the car battery may be dead.

The white car goes first because it has no vehicle on its right. It does not need to stop in the middle of the intersection because the green car, which is turning left, does not obstruct it. Next, the red car proceeds because the white car is no longer to its right. Finally, the green car goes. The white and green cars cannot go at the same time because the green car must yield to the red car on its right. (RTR 155) At an uncontrolled intersection, drivers must yield to vehicles approaching from the right when their paths intersect.

If other drivers switch their headlights from high beam to low beam (flash) during the day, it may indicate that your low beams are excessively bright or misaligned and are dazzling other road users. This is dangerous because dazzled drivers can become disoriented and cause accidents. If you notice that drivers often flash their lights as they pass you, it is a sign to have your vehicle's lighting checked and, if necessary, adjusted. 81. The warning signals are as follows: using turn and brake light signals (signals may also be indicated by hand); sounding the horn; switching headlights on and off; using hazard warning lights; turning on flashing orange hazard lights; and placing a warning triangle on the road or attaching it to a vehicle.

According to the Law on Road Traffic Safety, Article 2, point 43: “Drunkenness” means a state in which a person has consumed ethyl alcohol and the concentration of that alcohol in the body's biological media (exhaled air, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids) exceeds the legal limit. The maximum permitted concentration of ethyl alcohol in the exhaled air, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids of persons operating vehicles is 0.4 per mille (‰). Novice drivers, taxi drivers, and drivers of mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles, light quadricycles, four-wheelers, motorized quadricycles, vehicles with a maximum permissible weight over 3.5 t or with more than 9 seats, and drivers transporting dangerous goods are considered intoxicated when the concentration of ethyl alcohol in their exhaled air, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids is greater than 0 ‰. JB

XXIX. Obligations of Road Users in the Event of a Road Accident (paras. 219–222) 219. In the event of a road accident, every driver involved or any other road user must: 219.5. take all necessary measures to provide first aid to the injured, call an ambulance, or — when calling an ambulance or transporting the injured to a healthcare institution by other means is impossible — convey them to the nearest healthcare institution in a private vehicle, unless such transportation would endanger their life or health.

If the vehicle begins to slide while braking, you must stop braking. For example, if you brake suddenly and lock the wheels before a turn, even after steering into the desired direction the car will continue moving in its previous direction (straight), which can cause you to leave the road or collide with an obstacle. Therefore, in this situation you must consciously release the brakes — a maneuver that can be especially difficult for an inexperienced driver. JB

Underinflated tires are the most common factor directly affecting fuel consumption; incorrect tire pressure can increase consumption by up to about 4%—both too little and too much pressure can have an effect. Check tire pressure when the tires are cold, because driving warms the rubber and raises the pressure. Carrying luggage on the roof increases aerodynamic drag and therefore fuel consumption. Frequent stop-and-go driving also increases fuel use. JB

RTR 14. Persons who are not authorized to drive, who are intoxicated, under the influence of narcotic or psychotropic drugs or other psychoactive substances, or who have not taken the legally required daily rest must not drive. Additionally, a person who is fatigued or ill must not drive if doing so could endanger road safety. A vehicle must not be entrusted to anyone affected by the above factors or who is not authorized to operate that class of vehicle. When driving, the driver must comply with any restrictions or conditions indicated on the driving licence. 

Regulation RTR 173. Drivers must not: 173.3. enter a level crossing after the barrier has been lowered or is in the process of being lowered; deliberately lift the barrier; or drive around the barriers.

The parking brake may be used to help slow the vehicle if the service (main) brakes fail.

When engine oil is low, internal components receive less lubrication, causing increased wear and overheating; this accelerates deterioration and can lead to engine failure.

According to traffic regulations, there are no specific locations where braking is prohibited. Braking is necessary to ensure road safety; therefore drivers must brake whenever required.

RTR 3.14. The main (priority) road is: a road marked with the 'Priority Road' sign, an 'Intersection with a Side Road' sign, a 'Side Road from the Right' or 'Side Road from the Left' sign, or designated as a 'Motorway' or 'Road for Motor Vehicles' in relation to the intersecting or joining road; a road in relation to another road marked with 'Give Way', 'STOP', or 'End of Residential Area' signs; a paved road (concrete, asphalt, or cobblestone) in relation to an improved unpaved road (macadam or gravel) or a dirt road (forest, field, or similar road); and an improved unpaved road in relation to a dirt road. A paved or improved unpaved section of a side road immediately before an intersection does not make that side road equivalent to the intersecting or joining road. There is no priority road at intersections controlled by traffic signals. JB

Drivers should check that all vehicle lights are working before every long journey and at least once every six months. Properly functioning lights help you assess road conditions accurately and reduce the risk of accidents.

Note: Releasing the throttle is not the same as freewheeling. See 3.4 Control the throttle: 3.4.9 Release the throttle and use the vehicle's inertia before coming to a stop at a predetermined location (for example, at an intersection with a traffic light or at a stop sign) or in similar situations. JB

A vehicle's braking system is intended to slow the vehicle, bring it to a complete stop, and hold it stationary. Braking distance should be kept as short as possible, and you must maintain control of the vehicle while braking.

A driving licence of categories B and BE entitles the holder to drive a passenger car (RTR 14). It is prohibited to operate a vehicle if you do not have the legal right to do so, or if you are under the influence of alcohol, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, or other psychoactive substances. A person who is fatigued or ill must not drive if driving could endanger road safety. A vehicle must not be entrusted to anyone who is under the influence of the aforementioned factors or who is not authorized to drive that type of vehicle. When operating a vehicle, the driver must comply with the restrictions and endorsements indicated on the driving licence.

Road sign 304 — "No entry for goods vehicles." Entry is prohibited for goods vehicles and vehicle combinations whose permissible maximum mass exceeds 3.5 tonnes or the weight shown on the sign. Tractors and self‑propelled vehicles are also prohibited, except for service vehicles.

RTR 136. Drivers should avoid unnecessary overtaking maneuvers. Before overtaking, drivers must take extra precautions and ensure that: 136.1 no driver following has already begun to overtake them; 136.2 the driver of the vehicle to be overtaken is not signaling a left turn; 136.3 the portion of the lane required for overtaking is clear and the maneuver will not obstruct oncoming traffic or pedestrians on the carriageway; 136.4 a safe distance from the vehicle being overtaken will be maintained throughout the maneuver; 136.5 after overtaking, the driver can safely return to the original lane without obstructing the overtaken vehicle.

If the vehicles' paths do not intersect, they may proceed simultaneously.

This is considered a road traffic accident. First, try to locate the vehicle's owner and, together with them, complete the Road Accident Report Form. If you cannot find the owner, call the police — they can help locate the owner or come to the scene to record the accident. Also notify your insurance company of the accident as soon as possible. RTR 220. If there are no deaths or injuries and the involved road users agree on the circumstances and do not call the police to the scene, the parties must draw the accident sketch on the Road Accident Report Form, describe the circumstances in writing, and have the form signed by all involved. If none of the parties has the Road Accident Report Form, the circumstances and sketch may be recorded on a blank sheet of paper listing all involved road users, their vehicles and any witnesses, and confirmed by the signatures of all involved. If the circumstances are contested, the police must be called to the scene. RTR 221. Participants in a road accident must refrain from consuming alcoholic beverages, medicines, narcotic drugs or other intoxicating substances immediately after the accident until they have undergone, or have refused, testing for alcohol or impairment by narcotic, psychotropic or other substances. RTR 222. If the accident caused only property damage and the victim is not present at the scene, the person involved in the accident must immediately notify the victim, and if this is not possible — the police.